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66th Congress 
1st Session 



SENATE 



Document 
No. 63 



Assistance to France in the Event of Unprovoked 
Aggression by Germany 



MESSAGE FROM THE 

President of the United States 

' TRANSMITTING 

AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND FRANCE 
WHICH WAS SIGNED AT VERSAILLES, JUNE 28, 1919, TO SECURE 
THE REPUBLIC OF FRANCE THE IMMEDIATE AID OF THE 
UNITED STATES IN CASE OF UNPROVOKED MOVEMENT OF 
AGGRESSION AGAINST HER ON THE PART OF GERMANY 




July 29, 1919. — Read; referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations 
and ordered to be printed 



WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1919 



rl 






MESSAGE OF TRANSMITTAL. 



Gentlemen of the Senate : 

I take pleasure in laying before you a treaty with the Kepublic of France, 
the object of which is to secure that Eepublic of the immediate aid of the United 
States of America in case of any unprovoked movement of aggression against her 
on the part of Germany, I earnestly hope that this treaty will meet v/ith 
your cordial approval and will receive an early ratification at your hands, along 
with the treaty of peace with Germany. Now that you have had an oppor- 
tunity to examine the great document I presented to you two weeks ago, it seems 
opportune to lay before you this treaty which is meant to be in effect a part of it. 

It was signed on the same day with the treaty of peace and is intended as 
a temporary supplement to it. It is believed that the treaty of peace with 
Germany itself provides adequate protection to France against aggression from 
her recent enemy on the east ; but the years immediately ahead of us contain 
many incalculable possibilities. The Covenant of the League of Nations pro- 
vides for military action for the protection of its members only upon advice of 
, the Council of the League — advice given, it is to be presumed, only upon delibera-* 
tion and acted upon by each of the governments of the member States only if 
its own judgment justifies such action. The object of the special treaty with 
France which I now submit to you is to provide for inmiediate military assistance 
to France by the United States in case of any unprovoked movement of aggres- 
sion against her by Germany without waiting for the advice of the Council of 
the League of Nations that such action be taken. It is to be an arrangement, 
not independent of the League of Nations, but under it. 

It is, therefore, expressly provided that this treaty shall be made the 
subject of consideration at the same time with the treaty of peace with Ger^ 
many ; that this special arrangement shall receive the approval of the Council 
of the League ; and that this special provision for the safety of France shall 
remain in force only until, upon the application of one of the parties to it, the 
2 07 ©f ^'* 

AUG 15 ]9t9 



MESSAGE OF TRANSMITTAL. 



Council of the League, acting, if necessary, by a majority vote, shall agree that 
the provisions of the Covenant of the League afford her sufficient protection. 

I was moved to sign this treaty by considerations which will, I hope, seem 
as persuasive and as irresistible to you as they seemed to me. We are bound to 
France by ties of friendship which we have always regarded, and shall always 
regard, as peculiarly sacred. She assisted us to win our freedom as a nation. 
It is seriously to be doubted whether we could have won it without her gallant 
and timely aid. We have recently had the privilege of assisting in driving 
enemies, who were also enemies of the world, from her soil ; but that does not 
pay our debt to her. Nothing can pay such a debt. She now desires that we 
should promise to lend our great force to keep her safe against the power she has 
had most reason to fear. Another great nation volunteers the same promise. 
It is one of the fine reversals of history that that other nation should be the very 
power from whom France fought to set us free. A new day has dawned. Old 
antagonisms are forgotten. The common cause of freedom and enlightenment 
has created new comradeships and a new perception of what it is wise and 
necessary for great nations to do to free the world of intolerable fear. Two 
Governments who wish to be members of the League of Nations ask leave of the 
Council of the League to be permitted to go to the assistance of a friend whose 
situation has been found to be one of peculiar peril, without awaiting the advice 
of the League to act. 

It is by taking such pledges as this that we prove ourselves faithful to the 
utmost to the high obligations of gratitude and tested friendship. Such an 
act as this seems to me one of the proofs that we are a people that sees the true 
heart of duty and prefers honour to its own separate course of peace. 

WooDROw Wilson. 

The White House, July 29, 1919. 



AIDE A DONNER A LA FRANCE EN CAS D'AGEESSION 
ALLEMANDE NON PROVOQUEE. 



Arrangement Entre les Etats-Unis D'Amerique et la France Signe 

A Versailles le 28 Juin 1919. 

Considerant que les Etats-Unis d'Amerique et le Gouvernement de la 
R6publique Frangaise sont egalement animes du desir de maintenir la paix du 
monde, si heureusement restauree par le Trait6 de paix sign6 a Versailles le 
28 juin 1919, qui a mis fin a la guerre commencee par 1' agression de 1' Empire 
allemand et terminee par la defaite de cette Puissance; 

Consid6rant que les Etats-Unis d'Amerique et le Gouvernement de la 
Republique Fran9aise sont pleinement convaincus qu'un acte d' agression non 
provoque, dirige par I'Allemagne centre la France, ne violerait pas seulement 
tout a la fois la lettre et I'esprit du Traite de Versailles, auquel les Etats-Unis 
d'Amerique et la R6publique Frangaise sont parties, exposant ainsi de nouveau 
la France aux intol6rables charges d'une guerre non provoquee, mais qu'une 
semblable agression de la part de I'Allemagne constituerait et est r6put6e par 
le Traite de Versailles un acte hostile centre toutes les Puissances signataires 
dudit Traite et calcule pour troubler la paix du monde en y entratnant 
inevitablement et directement les Etats de 1' Europe et indirectement le monde 
entier, comme 1' experience I'a amplement et malheureusement demontr6; 

Considerant que les Etats-Unis d'Amerique et le Gouvernement de la 
R6publique Frangaise apprehendent que les stipulations concernant la rive 
gauche du Rhin et contenues dans ledit Trait6 de Versailles, peuvent ne pas 
assurer imm ediatement a la France d'une part et d' autre part aux Etats-Unis, 
comme une des Puissances signataires du Traite de Versailles, une s6curite et 
une protection appropriees; 

En consequence, les Etats-Unis d'Amerique et le Gouvernement de la 
Republique Frangaise ayant decid6 de conclure un Traite pour realiser ces fins 
n6cessaires, Woodrow Wilson, President des Etats-Unis d'Amerique et Robert 
Lansing, Secretaire d'Etat des Etats-Unis specialement autoris6 k cet effet par 
le President des Etats-Unis et Georges Clemenceau, President du Conseil, 



ASSISTANCE TO FRANCE IN THE EVENT OF UNPEOVOKED 

AGGRESSION BY GERMANY. 



Agreement Between the United States and France, Signed at 

Versailles June 28, 1919. 

Whereas the United States of America and the French Republic are 
equally animated by the desire to maintain the Peace of the World so happily 
restored by the Treaty of Peace signed at Versailles the 28th day of June, 1919, 
putting an end to the war begun by the aggression of the German Empire and 
ended by the defeat of that Power ; and. 

Whereas the United States of America and the French Republic are fully 
persuaded that an unprovoked movement of aggression by Germany against 
France would not only violate both the letter and the spirit of the Treaty of 
Versailles to which the United States of America and the French Republic 
are parties, thus exposing France anew to the intolerable burdens of an unpro- 
voked war, but that such aggression on the part of Germany would be and 
is so regarded by the Treaty of Versailles as a hostile act against all the Powers 
signatory to that Treaty and as calculated to disturb the Peace of the world 
by involving inevitably and directly the States of Europe and indirectly, as 
experience has amply and unfortunately demonstrated, the world at large ; and, 

Whereas the United States of America and the French Republic fear that 
the stipulations relating to the left bank of the Rhine contained in said Treaty 
of Versailles may not at first provide adequate security and protection to France 
on the one hand and the United States of America as one of the signatories of 
the Treaty of Versailles on the other ; 

Therefore, the United States of America and the French Republic having 
decided to conclude a treaty to effect these necessary purposes, Woodrow Wilson, 
President of the United States of America, and Robert Lansing, Secretary of 
State of the United States, specially authorized thereto by the President of the 
United States, and Georges Clemenceau, President of the Council, Minister 



6 ASSISTANCE TO FRANCE IN EVENT OF UNPROVOKED AGGRESSION BY GERMANY. 

Ministre de la Guerre et Stej^hen Pichon, Ministre des Affaires Etrangeres 
specialement autorises a cet effet par Ea3niiond Poincar^, Pr6sident de la 
Kepublique FranQaise, sent tomb6s d'accord sur les dispositions ci-apres: 

Aetiole I. 

Dans le cas ou les stipulations suivantes, concernant la rive gauche du 
Ellin et contenues dans le Trait6 de Paix avec FAllemagne signe a Versailles 
le 28 juin 1919 par les Etats-Unis d'Amerique et le Gouvernement de la Kepub- 
lique Fran9aise ainsi que par 1' Empire Britannique entre autres Puissances : 

Aeticle 42. II est interdit a TAllemagne de maintenir ou de construire 
des fortifications soit sur la rive gauclie du Rhin, soit sur la rive droite, 
a I'OuestM'une lime trac6e a 50 kilometres a I'Est de ce fleuve. 

Aeticle 43. Sont egalement interdits, dans la zone definie a Particle 42, 
P entre tien ou le rassemblement de forces armees, soit a titre permanent, 
soi ^ titre temporaire, aussi bien que toutes manoeuvres militaires de 
quelque nature qu'elles soient et le maintien de toutes facilit6s mat6- 
rielles de mobilisation. 

Aeticle 44. Au cas ou PAllemagne centre viendrait, de quelque maniere 
que ce soit, aux dispositions des articles 42 et 43, elle serait consideree 
comme commettant|un acte hostile vis-a-vis des Puissances signataires 
du present Traite et comme cherchant a troubler la paix du monde. 

n'assureraient pas imm6diatement a la France la s6curit6 et la protection 

appropri6es, les Etats-Unis d'Amerique seront tonus de venir immediatement 

a son aide dans le cas de tout acte non provoqu6 d' agression dirige centre elle 

par PAllemagne. 

Aeticle II. 

Le present Traite congu en termes analogues a ceux du Traits conclu k la 
memo date et aux memos fins entre la Grande Bretagne et la Kepublique Fran- 
gaise, Traite dont une expedition est ci annexee, n'entrera en vigueur qu'au 
moment ou ce dernier sera ratifie. 

Aeticle III. 

Le present Trait6 devra etre soumis au Conseil de la Societe des Nations et 
devra etre reconnu par le Conseil, decidant, s'il y a lieu, a la majorite, comme un 
engagement conforme au Pacte -de la Societe; il restera en vigueur jusqu'^ ce 
que, sur la demande de Pune des Parties audit Traite, le Conseil, decidant, s'il 
y a lieu, a la majorite, convienne que la Societe elle-meme assure une i^rotection 
suffisante. 



ASSISTANCE TO FRANCE IN EVENT OF UNPROVOKED AGGRESSION BY GERMANY. 7 

of War, and Stephen Pichon, Minister of Foreign Affairs, specially authorized 
thereto by Kaymond Poincar^, President of the French Republic, have agreed 
upon the following articles : 

Article I. 

In case the following stipulations relating to. the Left Bank of the Rhine 
contained in the Treaty of Peace with Germany signed at Versailles the 28th 
day of June, 1919, by the United States of America, the French Republic and 
the British Empire among other Powers : 

"Article 42. Germany is forbidden to maintain or construct any fortifi- 
cations either on the left bank of the Rhine or on the right bank to the 
west of a line drawn 50 kilometres to the East of the Rhine. 

"Article 43. In the area defined above the maintenance and assembly 
of armed forces, either permanently or temporarily, and military manoeu- 
vres of any kind, as well as the upkeep of all permanent works for mobili- 
zation are in the same way forbidden. 

"Article 44. In case Germany violates in any manner whatever the 
provisions of Articles 42 and 43, she shall be regarded as connnitting a 
hostile act against the Powers signatory of the present Treaty and as 
calculated to disturb the peace of the world.", 

may not at first provide adequate security and protection to France, the United 

States of America shall be bound to come immediately to her assistance in the 

event of any unprovoked movement of aggression against her being made by 

Germany. 

Article II. 

The present Treaty, in similar terms with the Treaty of even date for the 
same purpose concluded between Great Britain and the French Republic, a copy 
of which Treaty is annexed hereto, will only come into force when the latter is 
ratified. 

Article III. 

The present Treaty must be submitted to the Council of the League of 
Nations, and must be recognized by the Council, acting if need be by a majority, 
as an engagement which is consistent with the Covenant of the League. It 
will continue in force until on the application of one of the Parties to it the Coun- 
cil, acting if need be by a majority, agrees that the League itself affords sufiicient 
protection. 



8 ASSISTANCE TO PRANCE IN EVENT OF UNPROVOKED AGGRESSION BY GERMANY. 

Article IV. 

Le present Trait6 sera, avant ratification, soumis aux Chambres frangaises 
pour approbation. II sera soumis au S6nat des Etats-Unis en meme temps que 
le Trait6 de Versailles sera soumis au Senat pour avis et assentiment k la ratifica- 
tion. Les ratifications seront echangees lors du depot a Paris des ratifications 
du Traite de Versailles ou aussitot apres qu'il sera possible. 

En foi de quoi, les Plenipotentiaires respectifs, savoir : 

Pour le Republique Frangaise, Georges Olemenceau, President du Oonseil 
des Ministres, Ministre de la Guerre et St6phen Pichon, Ministre des Affaires 
Etrangeres ; 
et 

Pour les Etats-Unis d'Am6rique, Woodrow Wilson, President et Kobert 
Lansing, Secretaire d'Etat des Etats-Unis, ont sign6 les dispositions qui pr6c^- 
dent, r6dig6es en langue anglaise et an langue frangaise, et y ont appos6 leurs 
sceaux. 

Fait en double, dans la Ville de Versailles, le 28* jour du mois de juin 
de Pan de grace mil-neuf-cent-dix-neuf, et le cent-quarante-troisieme de 1' Inde- 
pendence des Etats-Unis d'Amerique. 

[seal.] Woodrow Wilson, 

[seal.] Eobert Lansing, 

[seal.] G. Olemenceau. 

[SEAL.] S. Pichon. 



ASSISTANCE TO FKANCE IN EVENT OF UNPROVOKED AGGRESSION BY GERMANY. 9 

Article IV. 

The present Treaty will be submitted to the Senate of the United States 
at the same time as the Treaty of Versailles is submitted to the Senate for its 
advice and consent to ratification. It will be submitted before ratification to 
the French Chambers of Deputies for approval. The ratifications thereof will be 
exchanged on the deposit of ratifications of the Treaty of Versailles at Paris or as 
soon thereafter as shall be possible. 

In faith whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries, to wit : On the part of the 
United States of America, Woodrow Wilson, President, and Eobert Lansing, 
Secretary of State, of the United States ; and on the part of the French Republic, 
Georges Olemenceau, President of the Council of Ministers, Minister of War, and 
Stephen Pichon, Minister of Foreign Affairs, have signed the above articles both 
in the English and French languages, and they have hereunto afiixed their seals. 



Done in duplicate at the City of Versailles, on the twenty-eighth day of 
June, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and nineteen, and the 
one hundred and forty-third of the Independence of the United States of 
America. 

[seal.] Woodrow Wilson. 

[SEAL.] Eobert Lansing. 

[SEAL.] G. ClEMENCEAU. 

[SEAL.] S. Pichon. 



AIDE A DONNER A LA FRANCE EN CAS D 'AGRESSION ALLE- 

MANDE NON PROVOQUEE. 



Arrangement entre L'Angleterre et la France, sign^ a Versailles, 

LE 28 JuiN, 1919. 

Considerant qii'il y a un danger que les stipulations concernant la rive 
gauche du Rhin et contenues dans le Traite de Paix, signe a Versailles, a la 
date de ce jour, n'assurent pas inunediatement a la R6publique Fran^aise une 
securite et une protection appropriees ; 

Considerant que Sa Majest6 britannique est desireuse, sous reserve de 
I'assentiment de Son Parlement et pourvu qu'une obligation analogue soit 
prise par les Etats-Unis d'Amerique, de s'engager k soutenir le Gouvernement 
frangais dans le cas d'un acte d'agression non provoqu6 dirig6 par TAllemagne 
centre la France; 

Considerant que le President de la Republique Fran9aise et Sa Majeste 
britannique ont decide, dans ce but, de conclure un Trait6 et ont nonune, a 
ces fins, comme leurs Plenipotentiaires, savoir : 
Le President de la R6publique Frangaise; 

M. Georges Clemenceau, President du Conseil, Ministre de la 

Guerre ; 
M. Pichon, Ministre des Affaires Etrangeres; 
Sa Majest6 le Roi du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande et 
des territoires Britanniques au dela des mers, Empereur des Indes; 
Le Tres Honorable David Lloyd George, M. P. Premier Lord de la 

Tresorerie et Premier Ministre; 
Le Tr^s Honorable Arthur James Balfour, 0. M., M. P., Secretaire 
d'Etat pour les Affaires Etrangeres; 
Lesquels, apres avoir echang6 leurs pleins pouvoirs reconnus en bonne et due 
forme, ont convenu des dispositions suivantes : 

Article I. 

Dans le cas ou les stipulations suivantes, concernant la rive gauche du 
Rhin et contenues dans le Trait6 de Paix avec I'Allemagne sign6 a Versailles 

10 



ASSISTANCE TO FEANCE IN THE EVENT OF UNPKO YOKED 

AGGRESSION BY GEEMANY. 



Agreement between England and France, signed at Versailles 

June 28, 1919. 

Whereas there is a danger that the stipulations relating to the Left Bank 
of the Rhine contained in the Treaty of Peace signed this day at Versailles 
may not at first provide adequate security and protection to the French Eepublic ; 
and 

Whereas His Britannic Majesty is willing, subject to the consent of His 
Parliament and provided that a similar obligation is entered into by the United 
States of America, to undertake to support the French Government in the case 
of an unprovoked movement of aggression being made against France by Ger- 
many ; and 

Whereas His Britannic Majesty and the President of the French Eepublic 
have determined to conclude a Treaty to that eifect and have named as their 
Plenipotentiaries for the purpose, that is to say : 

His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 
and of the British Dominions beyond the seas. Emperor of India : 

The Eight Honourable David Lloyd George, M. P., First Lord of 

His Treasury and Prime Minister ; 
The Eight Honourable Arthur James Balfour, 0. M., M. P., His 
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs ; 
The President of the French Eepublic : 

Mr. Georges Olemenceau, President of the Council, Minister of War ; 
Mr. Stephen Pichon, Minister of Foreign Affairs ; 

who having communicated their full powers found in good and due form have 
agreed as follows : 

Article I. 

In case the following stipulations relating to the Left Bank of the Ehine 

contained in the Treaty of Peace with Germany signed at Versailles the 28th 

11 



12 ASSISTANCE TO FRANCE IN EVENT OF UNPROVOKED AGGRESSION BY GERMANY. 

le 28 Juin 1919 par TEmpire britannique, le Gouvernement de la R6publique 
Fran^aise et les Etats-Unis d'Amerique entre autres Puissances: 

Article 42. II est interdit ^ TAllemagne de maintenir ou de constmire 
des fortifications soit sur la rive gauche du Ehin, soit sur la rive droite, 
k r Quest d'une ligne trac6e a 50 kilometres a I'Est de ce fieuve. 
Article 43. Sont egalement interdits, dans la zone definie a I'article 42, 
I'entretien ou le rassemblement de forces armies soit a titre permanent, 
soit a titre temporaire, aussi bien que toutes manoeuvres militaires de 
quelque nature qu'elles soient et le maintien de toutes facilites mate- 
rielles de mobilisation. 
Article 44. Au cas ou I'Allemagne coutreviendrait, de quelque mani^re 
que ce soit, aux dispositions des articles 42 et 43, elle serait consideree 
comme commettant un acte hostile vis-a-vis des Puissances signataires du 
present Traite et comme cherchant ^ troubler la paix du monde. 

n'assureraient pas imm6diatement a la France la securite et la protection 

appropri6es, la Grande-Bretagne consent a venir immediatement a son aide 

dans le cas de tout acte non provoque d' agression dirige contre elle par TAlle- 

magne. 

Article IL 

Le present Trait6, congu en termes analogues a ceux du Traite conclu a 
la meme date et aux memes fins entre la Eepublique Frangaise et les Etats- 
Unis d'Amerique, Traite dont une expedition est ci-annex6e, n'entrera en 
vigueur qu'au moment ou ce dernier sera ratifie. 

Article III. 

Le present Trait6 devra ^tre soumis au Conseil de la Soci6te des Nations et 

devra etre reconnu par le Conseil, decidant, s'il y a lieu a la majorite, comme 

un engagement conforme au Pacte de la Societe ; ilresteraen vigueur jusqu'a ce 

que, sur la demande de I'une des Parties audit Trait6, le Conseil, decidant, s'il 

y a lieu, k la majorite, convienne que la Societe elle-meme assure une protection 

suffisante. 

Article IV. 

Le present Trait6 sera, avant sa ratification par Sa Majest6 britannique, 
soumis au Parlement pour approbation. 

II sera, avant sa ratification, par le President de la Republique Frangaise, 
soumis aux Chambres Frangaises pour approbation. 



ASSISTANCE TO FRANCE IN EVENT OF UNPROVOKED AGGRESSION BY GERMANY. 13 

day of June, 1919, by the British Empire, the French Republic and the United 
States of America among other Powers : 

*' Article 42. Germany is forbidden to maintain or construct any fortifica- 
tions either on the left bank of the Rhine or on the right bank to the 
west of a line drawn 50 kilometres to the East of the Rhine. 

"Article 43. In the area defined above the maintenance and assembly 
of armed forces, either permanently or temporarily, and military manoeu- 
vres of any kind, as well as the upkeep of all permanent works for 
mobilization are in the same way forbidden. 

''Article 44. In ease Germany violates in any manner whatever the 
provisions of Articles 42 and 43; she shall be regarded as committing a 
hostile act against the Powers signatory of the present Treaty and as 
calculated to disturb the peace of the world. ' ' 

may not at first provide adequate security and protection to France, Great 
Britain agrees to come immediately to her assistance in the event of any un- 
provoked movement of aggression against her being made by Germany. 

Article II. 

The present Treaty, in similar terms with the Treaty of even date for the 
same purpose concluded between the French Republic and the United States 
of America, a copy of which Treaty is annexed hereto, will only come into 
force when the latter is ratified. 

Article III. 

The present Treaty must be submitted to the Council of the League of 
Nations and must be recognized by the Council, acting if need be by a majority, 
as an engagement which is consistent with the Covenant of the League; it 
will continue in force until on the application of one of the Parties to it the Coun- 
cil, acting if need be by a majority, agrees that the League itself affords sufiicient 

protection. 

Article IV. 

The present treaty shall before ratification by His Majesty be submitted 
to Parliament for approval. 

It shall before ratification by the President of the French Republic be 
submitted to the French Chambers for approval. 



14 ASSISTANCE TO FRANCE IN EVENT OF UNPROVOKED AGGRESSION BY GERMANY. 

Article V. 

Le pr6sent Trait6 n'imposera aucune obligation k aucun des Dominions 
de I'Empire britannique, k moins que et jusqu'^ ce qu'il soit approuv6 par 
le Parlement du Dominion interesse. 

Le present Traite sera ratifi6 et, sous reserve des articles 2 et 4, entrera en 
vigueur en meme temps que le Trait6 de Paix avec I'Allemagne de la m^me 
data entrera en vigueur pour la E6publique Frangaise et I'Empire britannique. 

En foi de quoi les Plenipotentiaires sus-nommes ont sign6 le present 
Traite, r6dig6 en langue frangaise et en langue anglaise. 

Fait en double, a Versailles, le 28^ jour du mois de Juin 1919. 

[l. s.] Olemenceau. 

[l. s.] S. Pichon. 

[l. s.] D. Lloyd Geoege. 

[l. s.] Aethur James Balfoue. 



ASSISTANCE TO PRANCE IN EVENT OF UNPROVOKED AGGRESSION BY GERMANY. 15 

Aeticle v. 

The present Treaty shall impose no obligation upon any of the Dominions 
of the British Empire unless and until it is approved by the Parliament of the 
Dominion concerned. 

The present Treaty shall be ratified, and shall, subject to Articles II and 
IV, come into force at the same time as the Treaty of Peace with Geimany of 
even date comes into force for the British Empire and the French Kepublic. 

In faith whereof the above named Plenipotentiaries have signed the 
present Treaty, drawn up in the English and French languages. 

Done in duplicate at Versailles, on tbe twenty-eighth day of June, 1919. 

D. Lloyd George. 
ARTHyR James Balfour. 
Clemenceau. 

S. PiCHON. 




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